On the day of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Anton says the nuclear weapons base he was serving at was placed on full fight alert.

“Earlier than that, we had solely workout routines. However on the day the warfare began, the weapons had been totally in place,” says the previous officer within the Russian nuclear forces. “We had been able to launch the forces into the ocean and air and, in idea, perform a nuclear strike.”

I met Anton in a secret location outdoors Russia. For his personal safety, the BBC won’t reveal the place. We’ve additionally modified his title and are usually not exhibiting his face.

Anton was an officer at a top-secret nuclear weapons facility in Russia.

He has proven us paperwork confirming his unit, rank and base.

The BBC is unable to independently confirm all of the occasions he described, though they do chime with Russian statements on the time.

Three days after troops poured over Ukraine’s borders, Vladimir Putin introduced that Russia’s nuclear deterrence forces had been ordered right into a “particular mode of fight service”.

Anton says that fight alert was in place on day one of many warfare and claims his unit was “shut inside the bottom”.

“All we had was Russian state TV,” says the previous officer, “I didn’t actually know what all of it meant. I robotically carried out my duties. We weren’t combating within the warfare, we had been simply guarding the nuclear weapons.”

The state of alert was cancelled, he provides, after two to 3 weeks.

Anton’s testimony affords an perception into the top-secret inside workings of the nuclear forces in Russia. This can be very uncommon for service members to speak to journalists.

“There’s a very strict choice course of there. Everyone seems to be knowledgeable soldier – no conscripts,” he explains.

“There are fixed checks and lie-detector assessments for everybody. The pay is way greater, and the troops aren’t despatched to warfare. They’re there to both repel, or perform, a nuclear strike.”

The previous officer says life was tightly managed.

“It was my duty to make sure the troopers underneath me didn’t take any telephones on to the nuclear base,” he explains.

“It’s a closed society, there are not any strangers there. In order for you your mother and father to go to, it’s essential submit a request to the FSB Safety Service three months upfront.”

Anton was a part of the bottom’s safety unit – a rapid-reaction pressure that guarded the nuclear weapons.

“We had fixed coaching workout routines. Our response time was two minutes,” he says, with a touch of satisfaction.

Russia has round 4,380 operational nuclear warheads, in line with the Federation of American Scientists, however only one,700 are “deployed” or prepared to be used. All of the Nato member states mixed possess the same quantity.

There are additionally considerations about whether or not Putin might select to deploy “non-strategic”, typically referred to as tactical, nuclear weapons. These are smaller missiles that typically don’t trigger widespread radioactive fallout.

Their use would however result in a harmful escalation within the warfare.

The Kremlin has been doing all it could possibly to check the West’s nerves.

Solely final week Putin ratified modifications to the nuclear doctrine – the official guidelines dictating how and when Russia can launch nuclear weapons.

The doctrine now says Russia can launch if it comes underneath “large assault” from standard missiles by a non-nuclear state however “with the participation or assist of a nuclear state”.

Russian officers say the up to date doctrine “successfully eliminates” the opportunity of its defeat on the battlefield.

However is Russia’s nuclear arsenal totally purposeful?

Some Western specialists have prompt its weapons principally date from the Soviet period, and may not even work.

The previous nuclear forces officer rejected that opinion as a “very simplified view from so-called specialists”.

“There could be some old style kinds of weapons in some areas, however the nation has an unlimited nuclear arsenal, an enormous quantity of warheads, together with fixed fight patrol on land, sea and air.”

Russia’s nuclear weapons had been totally operational and battle-ready, he maintained. “The work to keep up the nuclear weapons is carried out continuously, it by no means stops even for one minute.”

Shortly after the full-scale warfare started, Anton mentioned he was given what he describes as a “felony order” – to carry lectures along with his troops utilizing very particular written pointers.

“They mentioned that Ukrainian civilians are combatants and must be destroyed!” he exclaims. “That’s a crimson line for me – it’s a warfare crime. I mentioned I gained’t unfold this propaganda.”

Senior officers reprimanded Anton by transferring him to a daily assault brigade in one other a part of the nation. He was informed he can be despatched to warfare.

These items are sometimes despatched in to battle because the “first wave” and plenty of Russian deserters have informed the BBC that “troublemakers” who object to the warfare have been used as “cannon fodder”.

The Russian embassy in London didn’t reply to a request for remark.

Earlier than he could possibly be despatched to the entrance line, Anton signed a press release refusing to participate within the warfare and a felony case was opened towards him. He confirmed us paperwork confirming his switch to the assault brigade and particulars of the felony case.

He then determined to flee the nation with the assistance of a volunteer organisation for deserters.

“If I had run away from the nuclear forces base, then the native FSB Safety Service would’ve reacted decisively and I most likely wouldn’t have been in a position to depart the nation,” he mentioned.

However he believes that, as a result of he had been transferred to an atypical assault brigade, the system of top-level safety clearance failed.

Anton mentioned he wished the world to know that many Russian troopers had been towards the warfare.

The volunteer organisation that helps deserters, “Idite Lesom” [‘Go by the Forest’, in English, or ‘Get Lost’] has informed the BBC that the variety of deserters looking for assist has risen to 350 a month.

The dangers to these fleeing are rising, too. Not less than one deserter has been killed after fleeing overseas, and there have been a number of instances of males being forcibly returned to Russia and placed on trial.

Though Anton has left Russia, he says safety companies are nonetheless on the lookout for him there: “I take precautions right here, I work off the books and I don’t present up in any official methods.”

He says he has stopped chatting with his associates on the nuclear base as a result of he might put them in peril: “They have to take lie-detector assessments, and any contact with me might result in a felony case.”

However he’s underneath no phantasm concerning the danger he’s himself in by serving to different troopers to flee.

“I perceive the extra I do this, the upper the possibilities they might attempt to kill me.”