Gena Rowlands, who has died aged 94, was within the custom of formidable performers akin to Bette Davis and Joan Crawford but, in contrast to them, she at all times remained an actor fairly than a star. She was, stated the critic Kent Jones, “lastly slightly too bizarre for superstardom”.

She did her most fearless work as a part of a casual repertory firm (additionally together with Peter Falk, Ben Gazzara and Seymour Cassel) in a string of dense, demanding and extremely charged movies by her husband, the devoutly unbiased director John Cassavetes, who favoured rawness and improvisation however scorned compromise. Essentially the most comparatively light of their collaborations was Minnie and Moskowitz (1971), wherein she and Cassel gave what the critic Roger Ebert referred to as “performances so stunning you possibly can hardly imagine it” as mismatched lovers.

Their characters have been primarily based loosely on Rowlands and Cassavetes themselves, proper right down to her penchant for carrying sun shades at evening and his dishevelled look.

In A Girl Beneath the Affect (1974), arguably the couple’s joint masterpiece, Rowlands mixed scalding depth with unflinching vulnerability as Mabel, a spouse and mom whose psychological well being is quick degrading, reverse Falk as her uncomprehending husband. Jones described her efficiency as “an imaginative feat”, characterised by “her abstracted turns of the pinnacle and fingers, her overemphatic emotional responses, her violent makes an attempt to eradicate probably threatening impulses”. It earned her the primary of two Oscar nominations.

Opening Night time (1977) was an prolonged, Bergman-esque character examine of Myrtle, an actor contending concurrently with the dying of a fan, her personal fears that she is over-the-hill, and a sudden lack of religion in her personal expertise. Now extremely regarded, it was panned on its preliminary US launch and performed to near-empty cinemas, although Rowlands was rewarded for one more blistering efficiency with one of the best actress prize on the Berlin movie pageant.

In Cassavetes’s most industrial movie, Gloria (1980), she was dynamic as a gun-toting former showgirl defending a younger boy from the mob. The function solely got here her method after Barbra Streisand turned it down on the idea that it was “too maternal” and “not glamorous sufficient”. However it introduced Rowlands a second Oscar nomination and catered completely to her knack for lacing tenderness with grit.

It was exactly that mixture to which she responded in her display screen idol, Marlene Dietrich. “Rowlands was fascinated with Dietrich’s mix of female sexual attract and nearly masculine toughness and swagger,” wrote Cassavetes’s biographer, Ray Carney, who famous that she even “adopted a number of of Dietrich’s gestures and mannerisms” after changing into obsessive about The Blue Angel whereas working as a cinema usher in 1950.

She was born in Madison, Wisconsin, the daughter of Mary Ellen (nee Neal), an artist and actor, and Edwin Rowlands, a banker and politician, and was one thing of a sickly baby. When her father was appointed, in 1939, to the US division of agriculture, the household moved to Washington DC; they later moved again to Wisconsin, then to Minnesota.

Rowlands studied English on the College of Wisconsin, however her deep want to grow to be an actor led her to desert her research and depart for the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York, along with her dad and mom’ blessing. It was there that she met Cassavetes, whom she married in 1954. “It was a tough battle to persuade Gena,” he stated. “We agree in style on completely nothing.”

As Carney identified, he was “the fast-talking, street-smart metropolis boy. Rowlands was socially clean and refined; Cassavetes rough-hewn, impulsive, passionate and pushed. She cared what individuals thought; he didn’t. She was cool, poised, charming; he was half-crazy, hot-blooded and Mediterranean. Sparks flew.”

She started her profession in repertory and summer season inventory and was noticed in a manufacturing at Provincetown Playhouse, Cape Cod (the place she additionally labored as a wardrobe mistress), which led to her being forged because the Mistress of Ceremonies in All About Love on the Versailles Nightclub theatre in New York in 1951. Throughout a interval of unemployment, she wrote storylines for the Crime Does Not Pay comedian books (“I may inform you what any three-time loser acquired for assault and battery in any jail within the nation”) earlier than first showing on Broadway because the understudy for the lead in The Seven Yr Itch, later taking on the function and touring with it.

She appeared in Harmful Nook off-Broadway in 1953 and, two years later, was in The Nice Gatsby, a part of the Robert Montgomery Presents sequence, on tv. After starring reverse Edward G Robinson in Center of the Night time on Broadway in 1956, she signed to MGM and appeared with José Ferrer in her first movie, The Excessive Price of Loving (1958) – though sadly she was not seen, because it flopped badly (“I believe possibly 50 individuals noticed it,” she stated).

She insisted that “I wasn’t planning to enter footage in any respect,” but movie and tv have been to take over her profession. She performed a small, albeit main, function reverse Kirk Douglas within the wonderful Lonely Are the Courageous (1962), which remained one in every of her favourites, and was then directed by Cassavetes in A Youngster Is Ready (1963). She had made a short look in her husband’s debut, Shadows (1958), an unbiased manufacturing that broke all the foundations of film-making.

It was made for a tiny funds with a borrowed digital camera, with no prospect of being extensively proven, but turned a essential and industrial success. Faces (1968), wherein Rowlands performed a intercourse employee, equally took the world by storm.

Her performances for Cassavetes are superb and Rowlands most likely by no means exceeded their energy. He directed her in his penultimate movie, Love Streams (1984), which reunited her and Cassel, Minnie and Moskovitz themselves, this time as a former couple, now divorced and disillusioned.

The central relationship, although, is between her and Cassavetes, who performs her brother. “Cassavetes and Rowlands, sharing the display screen for the final time, edge their performances into tragicomic slapstick,” wrote the critic Dennis Lim. As Jones put it: “Theirs can be one of many cinema’s biggest and most advanced on-screen amorous affairs, if not for the straightforward undeniable fact that it plumbs a lot deeper than mere infatuation.”

Their closing collaboration got here in 1987, two years earlier than Cassavetes’s dying from cirrhosis of the liver, when he directed Rowlands and Carol Kane in his play A Girl of Thriller on the Courtroom theatre in Los Angeles. In an in any other case unimpressed evaluation, the LA Instances singled out Rowlands, who performed a girl going up on this planet, as “a robust presence … the sensation is that of a valiant girl who will preserve going till she involves a greater place”.

Rowlands made a wealth of different work. She performed the mom making an attempt to do proper by her youngsters in Paul Schrader’s underrated Mild of Day (1987) and the lead in Woody Allen’s One other Girl (1988), which took her away from the extra bodily extroverted Cassavetes roles. In Allen’s movie, wherein she portrayed a personality who has persistently repressed her feelings, her beautiful, shoulder-length blond hair was tied again and darkened. Unfairly, the movie was a essential failure and Rowlands’s extraordinary efficiency was fairly ignored in favour of Gene Hackman’s transient appearances.

Her co-star in Jim Jarmusch’s Night time on Earth (1991), Winona Ryder, stated that the best way Rowlands lit a cigarette was one of the best argument for smoking that she had ever seen. Rowlands was forged as an ageing smalltime cabaret singer in Terence Davies’s The Neon Bible (1995). She insisted that “I can’t sing, I can’t hit all of the notes”, however for Davies that was what made her so transferring.

She was directed by her son Nick in Unhook the Stars (1996), co-starring Gérard Depardieu, and likewise took elements in Nick’s later movies She’s So Beautiful (1997), which had a screenplay by John Cassavetes, the weepie The Pocket book (2004) and the unconventional Yellow (2012).

In 2006, she wrote the screenplay for and appeared in a phase, directed by Depardieu and Frédéric Auburtin, of the omnibus movie Paris, Je T’Aime. The story of a pair who meet for drinks the evening earlier than they signal their divorce papers, it co-starred Gazzara. In 2007 she had a supporting function in Damaged English, written and directed by her daughter Zoe, and in 2008 offered a voice for the animated movie Persepolis.

Olive (2011), wherein Rowlands performed Tess, was the primary full-length movie shot completely on a smartphone. In 2014, she and Frank Langella performed a pair going through organic weapons assault in Elements Per Billion; and he or she and Cheyenne Jackson have been a instructor and pupil forming a friendship by dance in Six Dance Classes in Six Weeks.

All through her profession, Rowlands persistently took roles on tv, together with in reside productions of the Nineteen Fifties. She appeared in sequence akin to Laramie (1959), Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1960), 87th Precinct (1961-62), The Virginian (1963), Bonanza (1963), Dr Kildare (1964) after which Peyton Place (1967-68), which she thought of “actually enjoyable. They supplied me an actual ‘Joan Crawford’ dangerous woman … I got here in and married outdated Mr Peyton and took all the cash. I liked it and did it till my unlucky demise of falling down the grand staircase.”

Rowlands noticed: “It’s a must to hand it to tv – unusually sufficient it takes on way more harmful topics than motion pictures.” Her TV movies included An Early Frost (1985), wherein she performed the mom of an Aids sufferer. She received Emmys for her performances in The Betty Ford Story (1987), because the US first woman; Face of a Stranger (1991); Mira Nair’s Hysterical Blindness (2002), which reunited her with Gazzara; and The Unimaginable Mrs Ritchie (2003), a considerably uninteresting affair produced by her son to which she lent attribute gravitas.

In 2009, she was seen in an episode of the TV sequence Monk, and in 2010 was in NCIS. Two years later she married Robert Forrest, a former businessman.

In 2015 she was awarded an honorary Oscar. Earlier this yr, Nick introduced that she had been struggling for some years from Alzheimer’s illness.

Rowlands is survived by her three youngsters, Nick, Zoe and Alexandra.

Gena (Virginia Cathryn) Rowlands, actor, born 19 June 1930; died 14 August 2024